LAC RSP DOC

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Note: This document contains some errors, please refer to n64ops#f.txt, n64ops#g.txt for information about the RSP opcodes, and n64ops#c.txt for the opcode matrix. /anarko



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RCP Technical Information - v1.0

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Overview


This is the file which I am sure many a N64 emu programmer has been waiting for. I know I wanted it when I started but I had to compile this document myself.

Please Note: This information is a compilation from many sources and it is possible that some of this may or may not be correct. However, I have endevoured to make sure that it is as accurate as possible.

This document is also incomplete so I will be adding more information in future releases.

So what is included in this document:

  • RSP Overview
  • RCP Opcode Encoding
  • RCP Vector Instruction Set


RSP Overview


The RSP instruction set is essentially a 32-Bit subset of the MIPS R4000 instruction set, with some extensions. Instructions which are not implemented include:

  • Any 64-bit Instruction
  • Mulitplies
  • Divides
  • Branch Likely
  • Most System Control Opcodes

The RSP Vector Unit (VU) is implemented as a MIPS Coprocessor (COP2), with the machine language conforming to the MIPS Coprocessor definition. The RSP assembler uses a mnemonic syntax for each VU instruction.

The RSP Registers are as follows:

  • 32 x 32 bit Scalar Registers (Normal MIPS set).
  • 32 Vector Registers, each with 8 x 16 bit entries.
  • No Scalar Multiplies or HI/LO registers.
  • 8 Vector ALUs. Each ALU appears to have a 'hidden' 32 bit accumulator
 and hidden flags registers.

The RSP can only address it's 4K IMEM and 4K DMEM, everything else has to be done via DMA. The RCP DMA control registers are mapped to COP0 registers.

RSP Memory is as follows:

  • RSP DMEM Start 0x04000000
  • RSP DMEM End 0x04000FFF
  • RSP IMEM Start 0x04001000
  • RSP IMEM End 0x04001FFF

The MUL/MAC instructions do 16 x 16 -> 32 and combine this with the hidden accumulator in various ways. The upshot is that it is possible to do 32 x 32 -> 32 multiplies in the following four instructions:

  • VMUDL
  • VMADM
  • VMADN
  • VMADH

The COP2 control registers appear to be vector ALU flags, bit per element. (VCO, VCC, VCE)

The vector opcodes are all 3 operand, and the second source can have a modifier allowing elements to be replicated in various ways:

Instruction Elements of $v3 sent to ALUs

vadd $v1, $v2, $v3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[0q] 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[1q] 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[0h] 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[1h] 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[2h] 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[3h] 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[0] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[2] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[3] 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[4] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[5] 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[6] 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 vadd $v1, $v2, $v3[7] 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

Loads and stores can access byte, short, word, double word or quad word. For sizes less than quad word, the offset in the vector regsiter can be selected (on boundaries of that size). There are a whole bunch of 'fancy' loads and store which appear to shuffle the data on the way in out in useful ways. The offset for vector loads and vector stores is scaled depending on the element size.

The 'guess' instructions (VRCP?, VRSQ?) are pipelined - result is derived from the previous instructions.

With some of the Vector Multiply Instructions the Accumlator is a hidden 32 bit accumulator per element.

  • VMUDL: acc = (src1 * src2) >> 16, dest = acc & 0xffff
  • VMADL: acc += (src1 * src2) >> 16, dest = acc & 0xffff
  • VMUDM: acc = (src1 * src2), dest = acc >> 16
  • VMADM: acc += (src1 * src2), dest = acc >> 16
  • VMUDN: acc = (src1 * src2), dest = acc & 0xffff
  • VMADN: acc += (src1 * src2), dest = acc & 0xffff
  • VMUDH: acc = (src1 * src2) >> 16, dest = acc >> 16
  • VMADH: acc += (src1 * src2) >> 16, dest = acc >> 16


RCP Opcode Encoding


This section is still in it's preliminary stages.


R-Type (Register) Instruction Format

+-----------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+ | OP | RS | RT | RD | SA | Funct | +-----------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+ | 010010 | 10000 | ????? | ????? | ????? | ?????? | | | | | | | | | CP2 Instr | Sub OpC | VReg3 | VReg2 | VReg1 | CP2 Funct | +-----------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+


2..0 COP2 Function 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5..3 +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

0   | VMULF | VMULU | VRNDP | VMULQ | VMUDL | VMUDM | VMUDN | VMUDH |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
1   | VMACF | VMACU | VRNDN | VMACQ | VMADL | VMADM | VMADN | VMADH |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
2   | VADD  | VSUB  | VSUT  | VABS  | VADDC | VSUBC | VADDB | VSUBB |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
3   | VACCB | VSUCB | VSAD  | VSAC  | VSUM  | VSAW  |       |       |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
4   | VLT   | VEQ   | VNE   | VGE   | VCL   | VCH   | VCR   | VMRG  |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
5   | VAND  | VNAND | VOR   | VNOR  | VNXOR |       |       |       |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
6   |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
7   | VEXTT | VEXTQ | VEXTN | VINST | VINSQ | VINSN |       |       |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+


RCP Vector Instruction Set


This section is still in it's preliminary stages. I have a lot more information about each instruction but have not had the time to write it all up yet.


VMULF Vector (Frac) Multiply VMACF Vector (Frac) Multiply Accumulate VMULU Vector (Unsigned Frac) Multiply VMACU Vector (Unsigned Frac) Multiply Accumulate VRNDP Vector DCT Round (+) VRNDN Vector DCT Round (-) VMULQ Vector (Integer) Multiply VMACQ Vector (Integer) Multiply Accumulate VMUDH Vector (High) Multiply VMADH Vector (High) Multiply Accumulate VMUDM Vector (Mid-M) Multiply VMADM Vector (Mid-M) Multiply Accumulate VMUDN Vector (Mid-N) Multiply VMADN Vector (Mid-N) Multiply Accumulate VMUDL Vector (Low) Multiply VMADL Vector (Low) Multiply Accumulate VADD Vector Add VSUB Vector Subtract VSUT Vector SUT (vt - vs) VABS Vector Absolute Value VADDC Vector ADDC VSUBC Vector SUBC VADDB Vector Add Byte VSUBB Vector Subtract Byte VACCB Vector Add Byte/Add Accumulator VSUCB Vector Subtract Byte/Add Accumulator VSAD Vector SAD VSAC Vector SAC VSUM Vector SUM VSAW Vector SAW VLT Vector Less Than VEQ Vector Equal To VNE Vector Not Equal To VGE Vector Greater Than or Equal To VCL Vector Clip Low VCH Vector Clip High VCR Vector, 1's Complement Clip VMRG Vector Merge VAND Vector Logical AND VNAND Vector Logical NAND VOR Vector Logical OR VNOR Vector Logical NOR VXOR Vector Logical Exclusive OR VNXOR Vector Logical NOT Exclusive OR VNOOP Vector No-Operation VMOV Vector Scalar-Element Move VRCP Single Precision, Lookup Source, Write Result VRSQ Single Precision, Lookup Source, Write Result VRCPH Set Source, Write Previous Result VRSQH Set Source, Write Previous Result VRCPL Lookup Source and Previous, Write Result VRSQL Lookup Source and Previous, Write Result VINST Vector Insert Triple (5/5/5/1) VEXTT Vector Extract Triple (5/5/5/1) VINSQ Vector Insert Quad (4/4/4/4) VEXTQ Vector Extract Quad (4/4/4/4) VINSN Vector Insert Nibble (4/4/4/4) Sign-Extended VEXTN Vector Insert Nibble (4/4/4/4) Sign-Extended


LBV Load Byte into Vector LSV Load Short into Vector LLV Load Word into Vector LDV Load Doubleword into Vector LQV Load Quadword into Vector LRV Load Rest Vector LPV Load Packed Vector LUV Load Unpack Vector LHV Load Half Vector LFV Load Fourth Vector LWV Load Wrap Vector LTV Load Transpose Vector


SBV Store Byte from Vector SSV Store Short from Vector SLV Store Word from Vector SDV Store Doubleword from Vector SQV Store Quadword from Vector SRV Store Rest Vector SPV Store Packed Vector SUV Store Unpack Vector SHV Store Half Vector SFV Store Fourth Vector SWV Store Wrap Vector STV Store Transpose Vector

I have not included the standard MIPS opcodes used in the RCP.